Basic Cell Structure
📌 All cells share three common components: a cell membrane (separating inside from environment), cytoplasm (jelly-like fluid), and DNA (genetic material).
🧬 There are two broad categories: eukaryotic cells (complex, possess a nucleus and organelles, found in plants/animals) and prokaryotic cells (unicellular, lack a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles, like bacteria).
🔬 Organelles are specialized parts within the cell performing unique jobs, such as the nucleus being the cell's control center.

Key Organelles and Functions
⚛️ The nucleus contains DNA (genetic material); when condensed for division, it forms chromosomes, and the nucleolus manufactures ribosomes.
🏭 Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins and can float freely or attach to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
🚚 The ER acts as a transport passageway; rough ER has ribosomes, while smooth ER does not.
📦 Materials exit the ER in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus, which customizes and folds proteins into usable shapes, sometimes adding lipids or carbohydrates.
⚡️ The mitochondrion is the powerhouse, generating energy via ATP molecules through cellular respiration; energy-demanding cells have more mitochondria.
♻️ Lysosomes act as garbage collectors, using enzymes to break down damaged cell parts.

Plant Cell Specifics and Cell Movement
☀️ Plant cells possess chloroplasts, which are the site of photosynthesis due to the green pigment chlorophyll.
🛡️ Plant cells have a cell wall outside the membrane for shape, support, and protection; animal cells never have a cell wall.
🌊 Plant cells often have a central vacuole primarily used for water storage.
🌬️ Some cells have specialized projections: cilia (hair-like projections that move in waves, trapping inhaled particles) and flagella (tail-like structures aiding in cell movement, like in sperm cells).

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The fundamental distinction between cell types lies in the presence of a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles (Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes).
➡️ Protein synthesis is a multi-step process involving the nucleus (ribosome creation), ribosomes (synthesis), ER (transport), and Golgi apparatus (modification/folding).
➡️ Energy production relies on the mitochondrion performing cellular respiration to create ATP.
➡️ All cells maintain structure via the cytoskeleton, which includes protein microfilaments and microtubule tubes.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Oct 23, 2025, 07:53 UTC