Fundamentals of Static Electricity and Charge
📌 Static electricity is caused by an object obtaining a net positive or negative electric charge, creating an imbalance seeking equilibrium (e.g., shock from a doorknob, hair sticking up).
⚛️ Atoms are generally neutral, containing equal numbers of positive protons and negative electrons; in solids, free electrons can move, leading to charge transfer.
🔗 Materials are classified as conductors (allowing free electron movement, like copper) or insulators (holding electrons tightly, like wood).

Methods of Charging Objects
🖐️ Charging by friction involves rubbing two materials together, causing electrons to transfer (e.g., rubbing glass with cloth leaves the rod positively charged).
🔗 Charging by contact occurs when charged and neutral objects touch, allowing charge transfer until charge distributions equalize.
🧠 Charging by induction creates a net charge without physical contact by polarizing a neutral conductor near a charged object, often followed by grounding to remove induced charges of one type.
🌎 Grounding involves connecting a charged object to the Earth (a large neutral conductor) to allow charge to leak away, rendering the object neutral.

Quantifying Electrostatic Force (Coulomb's Law)
⚖️ Electric charge ($q$) is measured in Coulombs (C); the charge of a single electron, the elementary charge ($e$), is $-1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C}$.
🔬 The electrostatic force ($F$) between two charges is calculated using Coulomb’s Law: $F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$, where $k$ is the Coulomb’s Law constant ($9 \times 10^9 \text{ N}\cdot \text{m}^2/\text{C}^2$ in a vacuum/air).
↔️ Electrostatic forces can be attractive (negative result) or repulsive (positive result), depending on the signs of the charges, unlike gravity which is always attractive.
📏 The force decreases rapidly with distance, as it is inversely proportional to the distance squared ($r^2$); for example, two electrons $1 \text{ nm}$ ($10^{-9} \text{ m}$) apart experience a repulsive force of $2.3 \times 10^{-10} \text{ N}$.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The law of conservation of electric charge states that net electric charge cannot be created or destroyed, only moved between objects.
➡️ The magnitude and direction of the electrostatic force must be determined using vector addition when multiple charges are present.
➡️ Opposite charges attract, while like charges repel, a fundamental principle governing all static interactions.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 05, 2025, 21:42 UTC