Philosophy of Science and Scientific Method Interconnection
📌 The core topic discusses the interconnection between philosophical methods and scientific methods in discovering truth, emphasizing that scientific truth must follow the scientific method.
🤔 Philosophy is characterized as unrestricted, questioning everything (skeptical), speculating, and theorizing about all existence (e.g., spirit vs. body, the nature of time) without needing empirical proof.
🔬 Scientific Method requires verification, objective generalization, and limitations in scope, often emerging from philosophical frameworks that seek to be verifiable (e.g., rejecting metaphysics like the existence of God from hard science based on positivism).

Historical Philosophical Methods for Seeking Truth
🏛️ Plato's Dialectics: This method seeks truth through a continuous process of questioning and answering (dialogue), continuing until a universally agreed-upon, most perfect explanation is reached.
🐒 Aristotle's Development (Logic/Deduction): Developed syllogism (logic) and recollection. The Black Swan phenomenon illustrates how limited observation (Premise Mayor: "All swans are white") can be overturned, challenging generalizations based solely on limited experience.
💡 Aristotle's Inductive Reasoning (Recollection): Truth is found by re-examining collected data/facts (recollection), recognizing that sensory perception can be mere *image* or *shadow of reality*; this forms the basis for qualitative research building theory from particular observations.

Subsequent Methodological Refinements
🤝 Thomas Aquinas's Synthetic Method: Truth is found by synthesizing sensory input (sight, hearing, touch) and resolving contradictions. This method suggests that truth lies where arguments from both agreement and disagreement (like *tabayun* in religious context) eliminate doubt, forming the basis of empiricism.
❓ René Descartes' Method of Doubt (Skepticism): Advocates testing every component of a theory (analogous to building a house) to eliminate doubt, epitomized by his famous maxim, "I think, therefore I am" (*Cogito ergo sum*). This method can be used in research by rigorously questioning established theories (e.g., Maslow's hierarchy).

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The Philosophy of Science is the "Mother of Science" as it deals with fundamental, foundational concepts that precede structured scientific methodology.
➡️ The PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) reflects the highly philosophical and profound level of critical thinking expected in doctoral research, demanding great curiosity.
➡️ For academic writing like a thesis, one must determine where their methodology lies: utilizing the scientific method (often requiring empirical proof) or potentially leaning on deeper analytical/philosophical methods, sometimes utilizing mixed methods (synthetic approach).
➡️ Deductive reasoning (syllogism) only proves if a statement *is correct within its premise structure* but doesn't confirm its ultimate real-world truth, unlike induction which seeks verification through observation.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Dec 06, 2025, 09:20 UTC