Hydrocarbon Functional Groups (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes)
📌 Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds (e.g., pentane has five carbons).
🔗 Alkenes are defined by the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond (e.g., 2-butene).
💣 Alkynes are characterized by a carbon-carbon triple bond (e.g., 2-butyne).

Cyclic and Aromatic Structures
⭕ Cycloalkanes are alkanes arranged in a ring structure (e.g., cyclopentane has five carbons in a ring, cyclohexane has six).
☸️ An aromatic ring, specifically benzene, features a ring structure with alternating double bonds.

Halogen and Ether Groups
🧪 The alkyl halide (or haloalkane) functional group involves a halogen (X) attached to a hydrocarbon chain (R), represented by RX.
💨 An ether functional group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to two R groups (R–O–R) and is typically a polar molecule.

Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups (Alcohols, Carbonyls)
💧 An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an R group (e.g., 1-butanol, 2-butanol).
> Ketones have a carbonyl group ($C=O$) situated in the middle of the carbon chain (e.g., 2-pentanone).
> Aldehydes feature the carbonyl group at the end of the chain (e.g., hexanal), indicated by the -al suffix.

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitrogen Groups
🍎 A carboxylic acid is defined by the -COOH group and uses the -oic acid suffix (e.g., hexanoic acid for six carbons).
🥚 An ester has the structure R-COO-R', named with an -oate suffix (e.g., methyl ethanoate).
🗣️ An amine functional group contains an $-\text{NH}_2$ group (e.g., methyl amine, ethyl amine).
🔗 An amide is derived from a carboxylic acid where the $-\text{OH}$ is replaced by $-\text{NH}_2$, using the -amide suffix (e.g., butanamide).

Triple Bonds and Other Key Groups
🧵 A nitrile contains a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom ($C \equiv N$), named with the -nitrile suffix (e.g., ethanenitrile).
💥 Acid anhydrides (e.g., acetic anhydride) and acid chlorides (or acetyl chloride) are derivative groups.
👃 The thiol group is analogous to alcohol but uses sulfur: -SH instead of -OH. Replacing oxygen with sulfur in other groups creates thio analogs (e.g., thio ether, thioester).

Specialized and Related Species
🌳 An enol combines an alkene (-en) and an alcohol (-ol) functional group.
🔗 An enamine combines an alkene (-en) and an amine (-amine).
👁️ Imines feature a carbon double-bonded to a nitrogen atom ($C=N$).
💥 Related species include peroxides ($\text{O}-\text{O}$ single bond), peroxy acids (carboxylic acid with a peroxide group), and the nitro group ($\text{NO}_2$).
✨ Non-functional group species that are important include carbocations (positive charge), radicals (odd number of electrons), carbanions (negative charge), and carbenes (neutral, divalent carbon).

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Familiarize yourself with the specific IUPAC naming conventions, including suffixes like -ane, -ene, -yne, -ol, -one, -al, -oic acid, and -amide.
➡️ Be able to distinguish between a ketone and an aldehyde based on the carbonyl group's position (middle vs. end of the chain).
➡️ Note the sulfur analogs; replacing oxygen with sulfur generally adds the prefix "thio-" to the group name (e.g., alcohol $\rightarrow$ thiol).
➡️ For advanced study, recognize specialized groups like esters (requiring two parts in naming) and nitriles ($C \equiv N$).

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 29, 2025, 16:56 UTC