Theravada Buddhism: Traditional History and Texts
📌 Theravada Buddhism's foundation is traditionally traced to Sri Lanka around 250 BCE, initiated by missionaries sent by King Ashoka, often compared to the "Buddhist Constantine."
📜 Scholar Richard Gombrich suggests Theravada is doctrinally conservative, conserving the most of what was taught by the historical Buddha, with its core texts preserved in the Pali language.
🧭 The term "Theravada Buddhist" traditionally signifies an ordination lineage traceable back to the Buddha, rather than adherence to a rigid, exclusive set of beliefs, contrasting with the practice-based structure of Mahayana Buddhism.
🧘‍♂️ The practice is grounded in the Pali Canon, and the ultimate aim is to become an Arhat, escaping *dukkha* (suffering) and the cycle of *samsara* (birth and death).

Distinctive Features and Historical Context
👑 The monastic order (Sangha) is central, maintaining a strong distinction between monastics and laypeople; monastics rely on lay support while observing strict vows, such as celibacy and abstaining from handling money.
⚖️ Theravada historically balanced urban monastics (more text-focused) and rural forest monastics (more meditation-focused), creating a push-and-pull dynamic over centuries.
📚 A key differentiator historically was the Abhidhamma and the commentarial tradition specific to each school; for Theravada, the commentaries compiled by figures like Buddhaghosa (e.g., *Visuddhi Magga*) introduced complexities, such as the detailed approach to *metta* (loving-kindness) practice.
⚔️ Theravada should be viewed in historical contrast not only to Mahayana ("Greater Vehicle") but also to numerous extinct Shravakayana schools the Mahayana sometimes disparagingly termed *Hinayana* ("Lesser Vehicle").

Modern and Recent Evolution of the Term "Theravada"
📜 While the Pali doctrine was established centuries ago, the specific term "Theravada" itself was first used in the Sri Lankan epic *Dipavamsa* around the 3rd or 4th Century CE to mean the doctrine brought to the island, not a philosophical school.
🆕 The modern understanding of "Theravada" as a distinct *school* of Buddhism used across Southeast Asian nations coalesced around 1907 when British monk Ananda Metteyya coined the term.
💡 Ananda Metteyya adopted "Theravada" as a positive alternative to the derogatory Mahayana term *Hinayana* to describe the Pali-based tradition he practiced, establishing its current widespread usage.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The Pali Canon is the fundamental textual basis for Theravada practice, which distinguishes itself from other schools through its unique commentarial tradition and emphasis on monastic rules (*Patimokkha*).
➡️ The traditional Theravada goal is arhatship—achieving complete eradication of greed, hatred, and delusion—a concept rooted in the teachings of the historical Buddha.
➡️ Modern identification as "Theravada" is a relatively recent label (post-1907) adopted by Southeast Asian traditions to differentiate themselves from Mahayana schools, rather than an ancient sectarian marker.
➡️ Monastics must maintain a reciprocal relationship with the laity; they teach the Dharma in exchange for material support (food, shelter), ensuring they remain engaged with the community rather than isolated.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 23, 2025, 10:08 UTC