Course Overview and Foundational Concepts
📌 The course focuses on mathematical foundations for machine learning, covering linear algebra, probability, statistics, calculus, and optimization.
📐 Week one specifically focuses on vectors, vector spaces, and subspaces.
🧠 The goal is to provide a holistic picture of these concepts as they apply to machine learning, speaking the language of ML where possible.

Definition and Context of Vectors
📌 Vectors are defined more abstractly than just quantities with magnitude and direction (as taught in high school).
📊 An $n$-component vector $\mathbf{u}$ is an ordered $n$-tuple of numbers (often real numbers), $\mathbf{u} = (u_1, u_2, \dots, u_n)$.
🩺 In ML/data science context, these components can represent $n$ different measured parameters (e.g., blood pressure, blood glucose, pulse rate for a patient).

Mathematical Structure: The Field F
📌 To construct vectors, a fundamental structure called a field $\mathbf{F}$ is required.
➕ A field is a non-empty set of elements equipped with two binary operations: field addition (+) and field multiplication ($\cdot$).
📜 A set $\mathbf{F}$ is a field if it satisfies six key properties related to additive identity (0), additive inverse, multiplicative identity (1), closure under both operations, and multiplicative inverse for every non-zero element.

Examples of Fields and Non-Fields
📌 The set of real numbers ($\mathbb{R}$) is a field because it satisfies all six required properties, including the existence of multiplicative inverses for all non-zero elements (e.g., the inverse of 2 is $1/2$, which is also in $\mathbb{R}$).
❌ The set of integers ($\mathbb{Z}$) is not a field because the multiplicative inverse often fails; for instance, the inverse of $2$ is $1/2$, which is not an integer.
✅ The set of integers modulo 5 ($\mathbb{Z}_5$ or $R_5 = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}$) forms a field when operations are defined as addition modulo 5 and multiplication modulo 5.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Vectors in ML are fundamentally ordered $n$-tuples of real numbers representing measurable features or parameters.
➡️ A field is the essential mathematical structure required before defining vector spaces; it must support addition, multiplication, and inverses for non-zero elements.
➡️ The set of integers $\mathbb{Z}$ fails to be a field due to the lack of multiplicative inverses, but $\mathbb{Z}_5$ succeeds under modular arithmetic, highlighting the importance of the defined operations.
➡️ The next step in the course will investigate whether $\mathbb{Z}_n$ (integers modulo $n$) forms a field for any integer $n$.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Dec 22, 2025, 07:35 UTC