Foucault's Project and Ascetic Ideals
📌 Foucault's "The Use of Pleasure" (Volume 2) fundamentally differs from Volume 1 by tracing the roots of subject formation back to ancient Greek thought, focusing on ascetic ideals influenced by Nietzsche.
📌 Ascetic ideals prioritize self-control and regimented existence over licentiousness, aligning with historical concepts like Aristotle's pursuit of virtue through the "mean."
📌 Volume 2 examines how sexual activity was problematized by philosophers and doctors, tracing this back to classical Greek culture of the 4th century BC, countering the notion that sexuality was a modern construct.

The Three Axes of Sexual Experience
📌 Foucault defines the history of the "experience of sexuality" as the correlation between three axes: fields of knowledge (savoir), systems of power/regulation, and forms of subjectivity/self-recognition.
📌 Analyzing sexual experience requires tools to dissect these three interconnected axes, particularly understanding the emergence of the "subject of desire."
📌 Ancient Greek attitudes were less concerned with specific acts (like monogamy or homosexuality) and more focused on the manner/quality of sexual engagement and its effect on self-mastery.

Greek Attitudes: Fear, Stigmatization, and Conduct
📌 Foucault identifies four key strands demonstrating early anxieties about sexuality: fear (sexual expenditure leading to stagnation), a model of conduct (e.g., conjugal fidelity), the image of stigmatized attitudes (e.g., disapproval of "soft boys"), and an example of abstinence.
📌 The Greek fear of pleasure was linked to its unproductive nature (not tied to procreation or societal good), often associated with harm to the self, exemplified by figures like Aretaeus and Soranus.
📌 While male-male love existed, Foucault noted early expressions of negative judgment concerning effeminate aspects or deviation from the masculine role, showing long historical roots for certain stigmas.

Morality of the Self and Ethical Work
📌 Morality, for Foucault, involves not just rules but the real behavior of individuals in relation to those rules—the manner in which they obey, resist, or disregard prescribed values.
📌 This leads to the "morality of behaviors," analyzed by studying the degree to which individuals comply with or refuse prescriptive attitudes, forming a degree of subjectivity.
📌 Ethical work on the self involves two modes: strict observance of interdictions, or transforming oneself into the "ethical subject" through self-shaping practices, both pointing towards a history of sexuality focused on the relationship with the self.

Aesthetics of Existence and Freedom
📌 Greek moral conceptions centered more on practices of the self (askēsis) and achieving mastery over passions to be an effective agent in the city-state, rather than strict codifications of permitted acts.
📌 Freedom in the Greek framework was paradoxical: establishing freedom required self-limitation and control over pleasures to avoid becoming a "slave to pleasures," which Socrates viewed as the worst enslavement.
📌 Foucault clarifies that forming the ethical subject required forming a subject of knowledge, linking self-formation with the logos-centric logic of truth and establishing an "aesthetics of existence" rather than simply a hermeneutics of desire.
📌 This aesthetic ideal often relied on concepts of self-renunciation and purity (like virginity) to actively constitute the individual subject, particularly concerning citizen males.

The Use of Pleasure: Strategies and Power Dynamics
📌 The "use of pleasure" was governed by three main strategies determining how sexual activity could be productive: need, timeliness (Kairos), and status.
📌 The strategy of need limited sexuality to satisfying only what was biologically necessary, preventing excessive dynamics.
📌 The strategy of timeliness dictated opportune moments for sexual practice (e.g., avoiding sex too young or too old), which Socrates applied comically to condemn incest as an *inopportune* action.
📌 The strategy of status required the control of passions to align with one's role (e.g., a commander needing more control than an ordinary citizen), highlighting that virtue was framed within a male-dominated system.

Inkreia and Sōphrosynē
📌 Inkreia refers to the active form of self-mastery and struggle required to gain domination over one's desires and pleasures, functioning as a prerequisite for achieving moderation.
📌 This struggle involves adopting an adversarial stance toward pleasures, often framed as an internal conflict (better vs. worse parts of the soul, per Plato).
📌 Achieving Sōphrosynē (moderation/self-control) meant establishing a stable rule of self over self, utilizing exercises like meditation and examination of conscience—tools that became foundational in the direction of souls.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Foucault emphasizes that sexuality is historically singular, not a constant, necessitating analysis based on power, knowledge, and subjectivity in specific cultures.
➡️ Ancient Greek ethics focused on the "how" (manner and intensity) of sexual engagement as a determinant of ethical subjecthood, rather than strictly defining which acts were universally good or bad.
➡️ To achieve ethical freedom in the Greek context, individuals (specifically male citizens) needed rigorous self-control ($\text{in}kr\acute{a}teia$) to master passions and align with the rational ($\text{logos}$) principles of the state.
➡️ The formation of the ethical self was deeply intertwined with the formation of the subject of knowledge, leading to an aesthetics of existence rooted in established ideals of truth and self-mastery.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 27, 2025, 14:44 UTC