Introduction to MRI Physics Concepts
📌 The MRI physics module is structured like building a puzzle, starting with an overview (the "front cover") before delving into individual sections for a comprehensive understanding.
🧍 MRI imaging uses signals originating from within the patient, requiring localization via the Cartesian plane (Z-axis for longitudinal/head-to-toe, XY-plane for transverse/axial).
⚛️ MRI relies on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance using the hydrogen atom because it is abundant and possesses a non-zero spin, making its protons act like tiny bar magnets with a Magnetic Moment.

Net Magnetization Vector and Signal Generation
🧭 In a strong magnetic field ($B_0$), hydrogen protons align parallel (lower energy) or anti-parallel (higher energy); the net magnetization vector aligns along the longitudinal (Z) axis.
🔄 The goal is to measure the net magnetization vector perpendicular to the main field, which is achieved by applying a Radio Frequency (RF) pulse.
⚡ The RF pulse must alternate at the proton's precessional frequency to cause protons to fan out (creating transverse magnetization) and process in phase.

Relaxation Processes and Image Contrast
📉 When the RF pulse stops, two independent processes occur:
1. **Free Induction Decay ($T_2^*$ curve): Loss of transverse magnetization as protons go out of phase, causing the measured signal to decay quickly. Different tissues (e.g., water vs. bone/fat) exhibit different decay rates.
2. Longitudinal Relaxation ($T_1$ recovery):** Regaining of longitudinal magnetization along the Z-axis, which happens much slower than $T_2^*$ decay.

Image Contrast Parameters
⏱️ Image contrast is generated by manipulating the Time of Echo (TE) and the Time of Repetition (TR) times:
* TE is the time from the 90-degree RF pulse to signal measurement, influencing contrast based on $T_2^*$ differences (transverse magnetization loss).
* TR is the time between successive RF pulses, influencing contrast based on $T_1$ differences (longitudinal recovery). A short TR emphasizes $T_1$ contrast (e.g., fat appears bright, water/CSF appears dark).
* T2-weighted images are generated with a long TR and a TE that emphasizes the slower dephasing rate of water compared to fat.

Future Topics and Data Handling
🗺️ Future modules will detail pulse sequences (Spin Echo, Inversion Recovery, Gradient Echo) used for spatial localization (selecting slices and encoding X/Y axes).
💾 Image data is stored and processed using k-space, which is filled during the acquisition process and then transformed to create the final scrollable image.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ MRI signal can only be measured perpendicular to the main magnetic field ($B_0$); longitudinal magnetization must be flipped first.
➡️ $T_1$ recovery (longitudinal relaxation) and $T_2^*$ decay (transverse dephasing) are completely independent processes used to create image contrast.
➡️ Manipulating TR time controls $T_1$ contrast; a short TR makes tissues recovering slowly (like water/CSF) appear darker relative to fast-recovering tissues (like fat).
➡️ The TE time controls contrast based on how quickly transverse magnetization is lost ($T_2^*$ differences) between pulses.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Dec 25, 2025, 17:42 UTC