Factors Influencing Migration (Push & Pull Factors)
📌 Migration factors are categorized into push factors (origin) and pull factors (destination), as described by Everett Ashley.
🌍 Push factors include diminishing life sources (e.g., environmental capacity decline), reduced demand for certain goods, and social pressures (political, religious, ethnic conflicts).
🏘️ Pull factors include the hope of improving living standards, better educational opportunities, and pleasant living conditions (climate, public facilities) in the destination.
🧱 Factors *between* origin and destination, like distance, transportation type, and cost, act as intervening obstacles.

Individual and Demographic Factors in Migration Decisions
👤 Individual factors strongly influence the desire to migrate, including age, gender, and education level.
📈 Productive age groups tend to migrate more often than the very young or elderly.
🎓 Education and skills are critical, as they equip individuals to participate in the local labor market, making low-skilled prospects less attractive.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration (1885)
📏 Most migrants move short distances; the further the distance, the fewer people migrate.
🔄 Every major migration flow generates a counter-stream (return migration).
⚙️ Technological advancements tend to increase migration rates, with economic motives being the most dominant driver.

Census Data and Migration Measurement (2010 Data)
📊 A migrant is defined as someone who moves with the intention to settle across a regency/city boundary.
👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 According to the 2010 Census, males (51.2%) showed a higher mobility rate than females (48.8%).
🧑‍🎓 Individuals who are younger and unmarried are more likely to migrate than married individuals, and higher education levels generally correlate with higher mobility.

Challenges in Migration Data Collection
🧠 Traditional data collection faces difficulties such as respondent recall bias when asked about residence five years prior, especially for older respondents.
🗺️ Challenges also arise from conceptual definition errors and incorrect coding of recently established administrative regions (e.g., new municipalities).

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Migration is heavily influenced by the interplay between push factors (e.g., resource scarcity) and pull factors (e.g., better opportunities).
➡️ Demographic characteristics like age and marital status are strong predictors of migratory behavior, favoring younger, unmarried individuals.
➡️ Higher educational attainment generally increases the propensity to migrate compared to those with lower educational levels.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 05, 2025, 15:31 UTC