Concepts of Purity (Thaharah) in Fiqh
📌 Thaharah (purification) is divided into two main categories: purification from Hadath (ritual impurity/non-visible state) and purification from Najis (physical impurity/visible filth).
💧 Purification from Hadath is further split into minor (requiring only Wudu) and major (requiring Ghusl or full body washing).
🚿 If water is unavailable or contact with water is prohibited (e.g., due to a medical condition), Tayammum serves as the secondary option for purification from Hadath.

Categories of Water and Their Rulings
🌊 Water suitable for purification is categorized based on its state: Air Thahur (pure and purifying), Air Thahir (pure but not purifying), and Air Mutanajis (impure due to contamination).
🧼 Air Thahur includes all water falling from the sky or from the earth, provided its color, taste, or smell has not significantly changed due to a dissolved substance (like soap or tea).
💧 Water contaminated by Najis is classified as Mutanajis if the volume is less than two kullah (approx. 216 Liters), regardless of visible change. If the volume is two kullah or more, it remains pure unless the color, taste, or smell is altered by the Najis.

Volume and Specific Water Rulings
📏 Two kullah is roughly equivalent to 216 Liters, or a volume where the sides of a cube are $60 \text{ cm} \times 60 \text{ cm} \times 60 \text{ cm}$. Any container holding less than this amount is considered "little water" (Qalil).
🛀 Water used for the first obligatory ablution/washing (wudu/ghusl) is considered Mustakmal (used water) and becomes Air Thahir (pure but not purifying); subsequent washings (second or third) from an obligatory act are also generally not reusable for purification.
☀️ Water exposed to direct sunlight (Air Musyamas) is considered Thahur (pure and purifying) by the Shafi'i school, though its use is Makruh (discouraged) due to historical concerns about causing illness when hot.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Clearly distinguish between Najis (visible filth, e.g., urine) and Hadath (invisible ritual state, e.g., passing gas), as the methods of purification differ (cleaning vs. Wudu/Ghusl).
➡️ When building washing areas (like bathtubs), aim for a capacity of at least 216 Liters to ensure the water volume meets the two kullah threshold, minimizing the risk of contamination.
➡️ Feces from insects like ants, mosquitoes, or lizards are often excused (dimaafkan) if they fall into a small volume of water, provided the contamination was not caused intentionally by the person.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 20, 2025, 09:06 UTC