Ethical Policy (Politik Etis) Overview
📌 The Ethical Policy (Politik Etis) is also known as the Policy of Reciprocity (politik balas budi), stemming from the realization that Dutch prosperity was built on Indonesian natural wealth.
🏛️ It was initiated by Theodore Van Deventer and Peter Broos van Deventer through the article "Een Ereschuld" (A Debt of Honor) published in *De Gids* journal in 1899.
👑 The policy was formally implemented on September 17, 1901, by the Dutch Queen, Queen Wilhelmina.

Core Programs of the Ethical Policy
💧 Irrigation (Irigasi): Involved building irrigation channels and developing agricultural infrastructure, including providing subsidies for industries and crafts.
📚 Education (Edukasi): Introduced Western-style education with the hope of fostering equality and emancipation among the Indonesian people.
🚶 Emigration (Imigrasi): Facilitated population movement out of Java, notably to Suriname, aiming to redistribute the population density.

Deviations and Criticisms of Implementation
📉 Education was primarily intended to generate low-wage, educated labor and was characterized by discrimination, denying access to the general population.
🌾 Irrigation projects primarily benefited Dutch plantations, rather than serving the broader agricultural needs of the Indonesian people.
🧑‍🌾 Emigration was implemented not for population equity but to supply labor for Dutch plantations outside of Java.

Impact on Education and National Awakening
🎓 The establishment of schools led to the emergence of an educated class (kaum cendekiawan), which later spearheaded the Indonesian national movement.
🏫 Educational institutions included School Number One (for civil servants/wealthy with reading, writing, and arithmetic) and School Number Two/People's School (for general children).
🎓 Higher education included the STOVIA (Medical School in Batavia), OSVIA (for civil servant candidates), and technical schools, alongside teacher training schools like Kweekschool.
🇮🇩 The rise of the educated class culminated in the formation of Indonesia's first modern organization, Budi Utomo, founded by Dr. Sutomo, a STOVIA student.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The Ethical Policy was fundamentally a response to the debt of honor owed to Indonesia for its resources, formalized in 1901.
➡️ Key outcomes included infrastructure development (water channels, roads, railways) and the crucial creation of an educated elite that catalyzed the national movement.
➡️ Educational systems were stratified, exemplified by the HIS (primary school, 5 years) leading to MULO (junior secondary) and then AMS/HBS (senior secondary), with STOVIA being a pivotal institution.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 06, 2025, 00:57 UTC