H.L.A. Hart's Theory of Adjudication
📌 Hart's theory of law centers on the Rule of Recognition, which sets the criteria for valid laws within a legal system.
⚖️ Adjudication theories range from Formalism (judges merely apply rules formulaically, like DMV employees) to Extreme Realism (judges decide based purely on biases and whims).
👓 Hart positioned his view as a middle road using the concept of the open texture of law, recognizing that vague terms create "hard cases."

The Open Texture of Law and Judicial Discretion
🔎 The open texture of law acknowledges that language is vague, leading to cases (like "no vehicles in the park") where rules do not clearly apply, falling into the penumbra.
🚗 In clear or "easy" cases, judges act formally, applying the rule directly.
🛠️ In hard cases (the penumbra), Hart posits that judges have discretion, meaning they are essentially legislating or making law when deciding novel situations.

Dworkin's Criticism: Rules vs. Principles
🌟 Ronald Dworkin critiques Hart by drawing a distinction Hart himself does not make: the difference between rules and principles.
🛑 Rules apply in an all-or-nothing fashion; if an exception exists (like the red hat rule in baseball), the original rule ceases to apply.
⚖️ Principles are underlying standards (like "no man may profit from his own wrong") that can be outweighed by other considerations but still apply even when superseded.

Dworkin's Attack on Hart's Positivism
❌ Dworkin argues that principles are manifestly part of the legal system (e.g., the "no profit from wrong" standard), yet they do not meet the criteria of Hart's Rule of Recognition.
🤔 If judges use underlying principles in hard cases, Hart's claim that judges have strong discretion (the ability to decide whatever they want) is incorrect and unjust.
🚫 If principles are part of the law, Hart’s theory fails because the Rule of Recognition provides no mechanism for them, leading to the unjust outcome of judges making law retroactively.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Formalism vs. Realism in Judging: Recognize the spectrum of judicial action, where easy cases align with formalism and hard cases involve judicial discretion (legislating) under Hart's model.
➡️ Distinguishing Legal Components: Understand Dworkin’s distinction: Rules are absolute, whereas Principles provide guidance and can be outweighed but remain relevant factors in legal reasoning.
➡️ Dworkin's Central Challenge: The core critique is that legal systems demonstrably operate on unwritten principles that guide decisions in the penumbra of hard cases, challenging the sufficiency of Hart's criteria-based Rule of Recognition.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Jan 13, 2026, 16:03 UTC