Definition and Structure of Samas (Compounds)
📌 Samas is defined as the formation of a new or smaller word by combining two or more words, simplifying the language.
🔗 The combined form is called the Samas Pad (compound word), and breaking it down into its constituent parts is called Vigrah (analysis/decomposition).
🧐 Example: *Vanvaas* (वनवास) breaks down to *Van mein vaas* (वन में वास - dwelling in the forest).

Main Types of Samas and Their Definitions
🔢 Traditionally, there are four main types of Samas: Avyayībhāva Samas, Tatpuruṣa Samas, Dvandva Samas, and Bahuvrīhi Samas.
👑 The primary differentiator between types is which component holds precedence: first part dominant (Avyayībhāva), second part dominant (Tatpuruṣa), both dominant (Dvandva), or neither dominant (Bahuvrīhi).
🧩 *Dvigū* and *Karma-dhāraya Samas* are considered sub-types of Tatpuruṣa Samas.

Dvandva Samas (Dual Compound)
🤝 In Dvandva Samas, both parts are equally important (both are dominant).
🔗 Its *Vigrah* is identified by the presence of conjunctions like "aur" (and) or "ya" (or).
💡 Actionable Insight: Test importance by using the words in a sentence; if both make sense connected by 'and,' it is likely Dvandva (e.g., *Bhai-bahan* $\rightarrow$ *Bhai aur bahan*).

Bahuvrīhi Samas (Non-Possessive Compound)
👤 In Bahuvrīhi Samas, no part is dominant; instead, the compound refers to an entirely different third entity.
🔗 Identification often involves the *Vigrah* ending with words like "jiska," "jiski," or "wala" (e.g., *Daśānana* $\rightarrow$ 10 heads, but means Raavan).

Tatpuruṣa Samas (Subordinate Compound) and Its Sub-types
🧩 Tatpuruṣa Samas is characterized by the second word being dominant. Its sub-types correspond to the six middle *Kārakas* (case relations) from Hindi grammar, excluding the first (Kartā) and last (Sambodhan).
🔗 Identification relies on the *Vigrah* revealing a case marker (*Vibhakti Chinh*) like 'ko,' 'se,' 'ke liye,' etc. (e.g., *Jana-priya* $\rightarrow$ *Jan ko priya*, indicating Karma Tatpuruṣa).
❗ Special note on 'se': If 'se' implies separation (e.g., *Rin-mukt* $\rightarrow$ free from debt), it signals Apādāna Tatpuruṣa.

Dvigū Samas (Numerical Compound)
🔢 Dvigū Samas is easily recognized as the first part is a number/quantity (e.g., *Tirangā* $\rightarrow$ three colors).
🔗 The *Vigrah* typically ends with "samūh" (group) or "samāhār" (collection).

Karma-dhāraya Samas (Adjective-Noun Compound)
🎨 In Karma-dhāraya Samas, the first part is an adjective (viśeṣaṇ) describing the second part (viśeṣya).
🔗 The *Vigrah* uses connecting phrases such as "hai jo" (is who/which), "ke samān" (like), or "rūpī" (in the form of) (e.g., *Kālī Mirch* $\rightarrow$ *Kālī hai jo mirch*).

Avyayībhāva Samas (Indeclinable Compound)
🔍 Avyayībhāva Samas lacks specific identifying *Vigrah* markers; its identification relies on elimination or by observing that the first part is an indeclinable word (avyay) or a prefix.
🔗 Examples include words starting with prefixes like *yathā* (as per) or repetition (e.g., *ghar-ghar*).

Ambiguity and Vigrah Dependence
🔄 Some words can fall under multiple categories depending on the *Vigrah* chosen (e.g., *Nīlakaṇṭh* can be Bahuvrīhi if *jiska* is used, or Karma-dhāraya if *hai jo* is used).
📚 Mastering *Vigrah* is key; practice with numerous examples is recommended, with resources available in the description box for extended practice.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The core of identifying Samas types relies on understanding the dominance of the component words or the meaning implied by the Vigrah terms.
➡️ For Bahuvrīhi Samas, be alert for the compound referring to a well-known third entity, signaled by *Vigrah* terms like "jiska" or "jiski."
➡️ Tatpuruṣa Samas classification requires remembering the six case markers used in its *Vigrah* to match the correct sub-type (e.g., 'ko' $\rightarrow$ Karma; 'se' $\rightarrow$ Karana/Apādāna).
➡️ Avyayībhāva Samas is often the "catch-all" type, primarily identified when the compound starts with an Avyay or prefix.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Jan 13, 2026, 17:59 UTC