Kantian Ethics vs. Utilitarianism
📌 Batman's moral stance is described as Kantian, adhering strictly to absolute moral rules, such as never killing the Joker, regardless of the consequences.
⚖️ Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences or results of actions, viewing intentions as irrelevant; good actions produce the greatest happiness or pleasure.
💡 Founding utilitarian thinkers include 18th-century philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who argued that happiness is the ultimate end for all actions.
🧠 Utilitarianism demands actions be measured by the principle of utility: "we should act always so as to produce the greatest good for the greatest number."

Applying Utilitarianism
🧐 Utilitarians suggest making moral decisions from the perspective of a benevolent, disinterested spectator to ensure fair and unbiased judgment, removing personal emotional investment.
🔪 The Bernard Williams thought experiment shows utilitarianism demanding that Jim shoot one prisoner to save 19 from execution by soldiers, contrasting sharply with Kantian objections to taking an innocent life.
🎢 Utilitarianism is considered demanding because it requires action to prevent bad outcomes, even if it means "getting your hands dirty" (e.g., Batman should kill the Joker).

Types of Utilitarianism
🔪 Act Utilitarianism (classical) dictates choosing the specific action in any situation that yields the greatest good for the greatest number immediately.
🏥 An extreme example of Act Utilitarianism suggests a surgeon should kill one healthy neighbor to harvest organs to save five dying patients, as $1 > 5$ deaths is worse than $1$ death.
📜 Rule Utilitarianism proposes adhering to general rules that, over the long term, are likely to maximize overall utility, even if breaking the rule in a single instance might yield a better short-term outcome.
🛡️ Rule Utilitarianism argues that a rule against harvesting organs would maximize long-term societal utility by preventing the constant fear of being victimized.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Kantian ethics prioritizes adherence to unbreakable moral rules (like Batman's no-kill rule).
➡️ Utilitarianism prioritizes consequences, seeking the maximum happiness for the maximum number of people.
➡️ To think impartially, utilitarians recommend adopting the view of a disinterested spectator during moral decision-making.
➡️ Act Utilitarianism judges each action individually, while Rule Utilitarianism favors following rules that generally lead to the best outcomes over time.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 07, 2025, 01:28 UTC