Zeta Potential and Colloid Stability Theory
📌 Zeta potential is a key concept in surface chemistry and colloid chemistry, used to assess dispersion stability.
🧪 Colloidal systems involve two phases (e.g., solid dispersed in liquid) where the particle size ranges between 1 nm and 1 micron.
🛡️ Stability is achieved by building up surface charge on particles, causing them to repel each other like magnets, preventing flocculation or sedimentation.
⚖️ Colloidal stability modeling often uses DLVO Theory, balancing attractive van der Waals forces ($\text{v}_\text{a}$) and repulsive electrostatic forces ($\text{v}_\text{r}$).

Zeta Potential Measurement Principles
⚡ Zeta potential is the potential measured in millivolts (mV) at the slipping plane, which is a distance away from the particle surface.
📊 The measurement involves applying an electric field to the sample; particle velocity results from the balance between electric field forces and viscous forces (Stokes law).
🔬 The instrument measures particle velocity by detecting frequency changes (Doppler shift) or phase changes in scattered light caused by particle movement.
🔄 The calculated particle mobility ($\mu$) is then used with equations (like those conforming to ISO standards) involving $\text{Kappa} \cdot \text{a}$ to determine the final Zeta potential value.

Measurement Techniques and Considerations
💡 PALS (Phase Analysis Light Scattering) is preferred over frequency shift analysis for measuring Zeta potential because it is more sensitive, especially in samples with high salt concentrations or in organic solvents with low mobility.
🌡️ Experimental setup requires setting temperature, and inputting the viscosity and dielectric constant of the liquid medium.
📉 High particle concentrations can lead to erroneous results; dilution studies are necessary, and dilution should use dilute salt solutions (e.g., 1 mM KCl) rather than deionized water to avoid stripping surface ions.
⭐ The NIST SRM 1980 is the only official Zeta potential standard, but common suppliers offer easier-to-use reference standards (e.g., PSS ZRS with $-39.5$ mV average).

Applications of Zeta Potential Data
🧪 Zeta potential measurements are used to optimize formulations by finding the ideal surface charge for desired product performance, often by adjusting molar ratios, salt concentration, or pH.
🔄 Increasing salt concentration often leads to charge reversal, as seen in fat emulsions where Zeta potential shifts from negative (around $-50$ mV) to positive at high concentrations (e.g., $0.9$ near physiological saline).
🔬 Determining the isoelectric point (IEP)—the pH where Zeta potential equals zero—is critical, as dispersions are typically least stable near this point, causing aggregation and particle size increase.
🧬 IEP studies help characterize engineered particles (e.g., $\text{SiO}_2$ coated with $\text{TiO}_2$) or determine the IEP of biological molecules like Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), found around pH 5.2.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Achieving dispersion stability relies on maintaining a sufficient magnitude of Zeta potential (e.g., often $\text{greater than } -30$ mV for many emulsions).
➡️ For accurate results in concentrated systems, accurately measure and input the viscosity of the sample medium, as neglecting this can skew Zeta potential calculations derived from mobility.
➡️ The dip cell approach is recommended over disposable cells as it is more cost-effective and reduces Joule heating by allowing measurement at lower applied electric field strengths.
➡️ PALS is the superior method for measuring Zeta potential due to its enhanced sensitivity, making it suitable for challenging matrices like organic solvents or high-salt buffers.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Jan 12, 2026, 22:21 UTC