Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
📌 Forensic Anthropology (or Medico-Legal Anthropology) is the area of forensic medicine focusing on methods of identification and identity of humans.
🔎 Identity is defined as the set of elements that make a living being unique (e.g., DNA), whereas identification is the process or technique used to confirm identity (e.g., dactyloscopy).
🗣️ Recognition is distinct from identification; it requires prior contact with the person or object being identified, unlike standard identification procedures.

Historical Identification Methods & Bertillonage
🔥 Historically, brutal methods like branding with hot irons or dismemberment (like cutting off fingers for theft under Hammurabi's Code) were used for marking criminals.
📏 Bertillonage (or Bertillonism), developed by Alphonse Bertillon, used anthropometry—the measurement of body parts—as an identification technique.
📏 Bertillonage relied on four primary analyses: bone measurement, signaling photography (frontal and profile), composite sketch (retrato falado), and particular marks (scars, tattoos).

Limitations and Components of Bertillonage
🚫 Bertillonage was deemed ineffective due to low precision, measurement errors, and its inapplicability to individuals under 20 years old (still growing) and those over 65 (prone to shrinking).
📐 The 11 measurements used in Bertillonage included cranial diameters, ear length, foot/finger lengths, forearm length, stature, and arm span (envergadura).
🖼️ Composite sketches involve characterizing features based on three categories: chromatic (eye/skin/hair color), morphological (shape of nose, jaw/mandible, hairline), and complementary (piercings, mustache, tattoos).

Modern Identification Techniques and Histology
💻 Modern composite sketch methods favor automated tools and software for greater precision, including the use of Identikit (overlaying standard facial features) and Photokit (a puzzle-like assembly of features).
📸 Signaling photography involves frontal and right-profile shots (often at a 1:7 ratio), which can now be analyzed by software to measure facial distances.
🦴 To determine if a discovered bone is human, microscopic analysis looks at the cross-section: human bones typically exhibit Haversian canals with a diameter superior to $30 \mu m$.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Distinguish clearly between Identity (what makes someone unique, like DNA) and Identification (the process/technique used to confirm identity).
➡️ Bertillonage relied on 11 specific anthropometric measurements but was abandoned due to inaccuracy and limitations regarding age groups (not applicable to young or very old subjects).
➡️ Composite sketches are categorized by chromatic (color), morphological (shape/form), and complementary features (accessories/tattoos).
➡️ Microscopic examination of human bone tissue reveals Haversian canals (and Volkmann's canals); a diameter greater than $30 \mu m$ is a key indicator of human origin.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Oct 08, 2025, 18:42 UTC