Definition and Context of Nationalism
📌 Nationalism is etymologically defined in two ways: as an ideology based on past glory, and as a rejection of colonization to form a unified, sovereign state.
🌍 In a modern context, nationalism relates to shared citizenship across various ethnicities and cultures within a nation, requiring a concrete identity like clean governance, modern democracy, and human rights protection.
🌏 The rise of nationalism in Eastern nations during the 20th century was a direct reaction to colonialism and imperialism.

The Jawi Community (Komunitas Jawi) and Intellectual Exchange
🕌 The Jawi Community was an association of Indonesian students and Muslims in Mecca, predating modern organizations like PPI (Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia).
📜 This community was vital in making Mecca a religious center in the 19th century, facilitating the exchange of new knowledge from visiting scholars back to the Nusantara (Indonesia).
📚 Key figures like Syekh Abdul Somad Al Palembangi and Muhammad Nawawi Al Bantani were influential; Al Bantani, known as the Architect of the Nusantara Pesantren, saw his works become primary teaching material in religious schools.
📰 Scholars like Syekh Ahmad Khatib exposed Indonesian students to reformist Islamic ideas via publications such as *Al-Urwah Al-Wuthqa* and Tafsir Al-Manar by Muhammad Abduh.

Mahatma Gandhi and Indian Nationalism
🇮🇳 Mahatma Gandhi spearheaded the resistance against British rule in India using a unique method called Satyagraha (strength of the soul/spirit), emphasizing non-violence.
🚫 Gandhi promoted Swadesi, urging Indians to use domestic products and resources to reduce dependency on Britain, successfully causing a decline in the British state treasury.
✊ Gandhi’s resistance, including mass border crossings without permits in 1906 and 1908, inspired many Asian nations to fight against colonial powers.

Sun Yat-sen and Chinese Nationalism
🇨🇳 Sun Yat-sen was a key figure in Chinese nationalism, advocating for the overthrow of the conservative Qing Dynasty, despite his background as a farmer's son educated in Western missionary schools.
💡 His revolutionary theory, known as San Min Chui (Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy, and People's Livelihood), aimed for a democratic Republic of China.
🏛️ After years of struggle abroad, he returned to lead the revolution, becoming the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–1912).

José Rizal and Filipino Reformism
🇵🇭 José Rizal (1861–1896) was a talented Filipino reformist and novelist whose nationalist spirit grew from witnessing Spanish oppression since 1521.
✍️ He pioneered Filipino nationalism primarily through written works that exposed the unjust treatment of Filipinos by the Spanish colonizers.
🔗 Rizal formed the Philippine League (Liga Filipina) in 1892, but was subsequently imprisoned and exiled to Dapitan for three years before being executed in 1896, fueling more radical nationalist movements.

Transnational Nationalism and Expatriate Influence
🌍 The development of anti-colonial awareness often originates from individuals who have left their homelands and experienced life in diaspora, leading to transnational nationalism.
✈️ Experiences traveling across borders and interacting with other nations foster a distinct sense of belonging and national identity among expatriates and intellectuals abroad.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Nationalism’s modern definition emphasizes concrete identities like clean government and human rights over abstract concepts.
➡️ Intellectual movements in Asia were significantly shaped by exposure to international Islamic reformist ideas circulating among scholars in Mecca.
➡️ Satyagraha and Swadesi serve as historical models of successful, non-violent resistance strategies against powerful colonial economies.
➡️ Figures like Sun Yat-sen and José Rizal utilized intellectual output (writings/theories) as their primary weapons to mobilize national consciousness against foreign powers.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 13, 2025, 06:01 UTC