Prehistory and the Dawn of Art
📌 Human presence spans the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods, culminating around 10,000 BCE.
🗿 Homo sapiens sapiens demonstrated skill in carving stone into tools like axes, scrapers, and knives, marking the beginning of art.
🎨 The earliest art, Paleolithic cave art (e.g., Altamira and Lascaux), depicted fauna like bison, reindeer, and mammoths with surprising realism and dynamism, possibly linked to magical or initiation practices.
🧍 The shift to the Neolithic saw the human figure emerge in art as societies transitioned from nomadic life to settled agricultural communities.

Megalithic Architecture and Early Civilizations
🏛️ Megalithic architecture emerged, utilizing large stones, exemplified by the ancient temples of Malta (dating back to the 4th millennium BCE) and the more refined structures on Menorca.
🇬🇧 Stonehenge in Great Britain, built between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, stands out for its massive scale and conceptual refinement linked to solar alignments (summer solstice).
📜 The rise of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations followed the Age of Metals (copper, bronze, iron), marking the transition to recorded history (Protohistory).

Mesopotamian Art and Society
✍️ The Sumerians, around 3000 BCE, invented writing, specifically cuneiform, marking the beginning of written history, recorded by scribes on clay tablets.
🛡️ Mesopotamian reliefs frequently chronicled themes of war and peace, such as the Standard of Ur, which uses layered registers to depict battle spoils and royal feasts.
👑 Mesopotamian power structures are reflected in art; for example, in the stele of Ur-Nammu, the king is always depicted larger than his entourage.
⚖️ The Code of Hammurabi (18th century BCE), carved in black basalt, represents one of history's first comprehensive legislative collections, proclaimed by the Babylonian king.

Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Periods
🐂 Assyrian art featured impressive architectural guardians, such as the human-headed winged bulls (lamassu) guarding the entrances to Sargon II's palace at Khorsabad.
🩸 Reliefs from Ashurbanipal's palace in Nineveh captured intense scenes, notably the dying lioness, recognized as a masterpiece for its expressive depiction of suffering.
🕌 The Neo-Babylonian period, under Nebuchadnezzar II, saw the reconstruction of Babylon, including the famous Ishtar Gate (reconstructed in Berlin) decorated with glazed polychrome ceramic tiles.
🌳 The mythical Hanging Gardens of Babylon, built using an artificial tiered structure and water pulleys, constituted one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Ancient Egyptian Art and Beliefs
⚰️ Egyptian civilization is defined by its relationship with the Nile River, which dictated settlement patterns: life and temples on the East Bank, and tombs (pyramids, mastabas) on the West Bank.
♾️ Egyptian art maintained remarkable conceptual and stylistic unity over millennia, driven by the desire for permanence and eternity, exemplified by the practice of mummification.
🔺 The Pyramids of Giza (Keops, Kephren, Mycerinos, mid-3rd millennium BCE) represent the pinnacle of their construction prowess, organized in hierarchical, axially aligned necropolises.
👁️ Egyptian visual representations adhered to strict canons of frontality, proportion, and color, filling empty spaces with hieroglyphic writing acting as a narrative voice-over.

Stone Working and Architectural Techniques
⛏️ Stonemasonry (obra de cantería) involved separating large blocks using metal wedges driven by a mallet, followed by squaring them in the workshop.
📐 The process for shaping blocks included systematically reducing edges, establishing plane lines using a rule or straight edge, and then refining surfaces with rasps and specialized chisels.
⚜️ Architectural elements like capitals (Tuscan, Doric, Corinthian) required adapting geometric layouts to organic forms, such as the acanthus leaves in the Corinthian order.
🏗️ Constructing arches and vaults, like the groin vault (bóveda de aristas), required precise templates (mantea) drawn to a 1:1 scale to craft individual wedge-shaped stones called voussoirs (dovelas).
🧱 The construction sequence relies on a temporary wooden framework (centering/cimbra) supporting the voussoirs, starting with the springers (almeres) and ending with the keystone (clave), which locks the structure upon removal of the cimbra.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The earliest art of Homo sapiens sapiens served documentary and possibly magical purposes, reflecting the harsh reality of hunter-gatherer life.
➡️ Mesopotamian art progression tracks political history, from Sumerian orants to the narrative reliefs detailing war and peace events.
➡️ Egyptian art’s enduring characteristic is its vocación de eternidad (vocation for eternity), reflected in monumental tombs designed to secure the afterlife.
➡️ Mastery in stone cutting involves meticulous geometric planning, from determining the line of fracture for quarrying to using detailed templates to shape complex voussoirs for vaults.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Oct 15, 2025, 15:53 UTC