IPA Kelas 10 - Keanekaragaman Hayati | GIA Academy

Levels of Biodiversity
📌 Biodiversity encompasses variety at the level of genes, species, and ecosystems, all of which are interconnected.
🧬 Genetic diversity results from gene recombination during reproduction, leading to variations, such as different shell colors in the *Cepaea nemoralis* snail species.
🌱 Species diversity highlights variations between different species that can interbreed, like the difference between red onions (*Allium cepa* var. *aggregatum*), garlic (*Allium sativum*), and bulb onions (*Allium cepa*).
🏞️ Ecosystem diversity is driven by diverse abiotic components creating varied environments, such as mountain vegetation, rainforests, freshwater, and saltwater ecosystems.

Biodiversity in Indonesia
🌍 Indonesia holds the second-highest biodiversity globally, surpassed only by Brazil, earning it the title of the world's botanical storehouse and a megadiverse nation.
🐒 Faunal distribution is mapped by the Wallace Line and Weber Line, dividing Indonesia into Oriental (West), Australis (East), and a transitional zone (Wallacea).
🐘 Oriental fauna (West of Wallace Line, including Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) includes elephants, Sumatran tigers, and orangutans.
🦜 Australis fauna (East of Weber Line, including Maluku and Papua) includes cassowaries, parrots, tree kangaroos, and wallabies.

Threats and Conservation of Biodiversity
🔥 Human industrial activities pose significant threats, leading to the decline in biodiversity quality and quantity.
🚫 Key threats include habitat destruction, introduction of non-native species, overexploitation, environmental pollution, and climate change (e.g., global warming).
🐅 Vulnerable and endangered species cited include orangutans, bantengs, Sumatran rhinos, and anoas.
🌳 Conservation efforts include in-situ preservation (in natural habitats like national parks and nature reserves) and ex-situ preservation (outside natural habitats like zoos and botanical gardens).

Benefits of Biodiversity
🍲 Biodiversity provides essential resources, serving as sources for food (rice, corn, fish, vegetables), clothing materials (cotton, silk, sheep's wool), and building materials (teak, mahogany, bamboo).
🧪 It serves as a vital source of germplasm (genetic material) for developing superior organisms, maintaining desirable traits like the flavor of 'rojolele' rice.
🌿 Many organisms are utilized for medicinal purposes, such as noni fruit for blood pressure and diabetes, and earthworms for treating typhoid fever.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Biodiversity exists across gene, species, and ecosystem levels, forming an interdependent system.
➡️ Indonesia is the world's second most biodiverse country due to its tropical climate and location between two continents.
➡️ Conservation must employ both in-situ (natural habitat) and ex-situ (controlled environment) methods to protect threatened species like the orangutan and anoa.
➡️ Utilizing advanced methods like tissue culture (plants) and cloning (animals) helps maintain and propagate superior genetic traits.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Jan 27, 2026, 12:09 UTC