Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts in Java
📌 The video explains key OOP concepts essential for modern programming languages and crucial for technical interviews, covering Classes, Objects, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.
💻 Classes act as blueprints defining properties and behaviors, while Objects are instances of those classes, representing real-world entities.
🛠️ The primary goal of OOP is to solve real-world problems through programming constructs.

Class Structure and Object Creation
📌 A Java class, like `Pen`, defines properties (e.g., `color`, `type`) and methods (e.g., `write()`).
🚗 Objects are instantiated using the `new` keyword, for example: `Pen pen1 = new Pen();`.
🔗 The `this` keyword is used within methods to refer to the current object that is calling the method.

Constructors in Java
📌 Constructors are special methods used to initialize objects, sharing the same name as the class and returning no type.
* Non-Parameterized Constructors: Called when an object is created without arguments; Java provides a default one if not explicitly defined.
* Parameterized Constructors: Allow initial values (like name and age for a `Student` object) to be passed during object creation for immediate initialization.
* Copy Constructors: Used to create a new object by copying the properties of an existing object instance.

Polymorphism (Compile-Time)
📌 Polymorphism means "many forms," allowing the same function name to perform different actions based on context.
* Function Overloading (Compile-Time Polymorphism): Defining multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different parameter lists (different types or number of arguments).
* For overloading to be valid, differentiating factors like return type or parameter signature must vary.

Inheritance
📌 Inheritance allows a class (subclass/child) to inherit properties and methods from another class (superclass/base class), promoting code reusability.
* Base Class (Parent Class) vs. Derived Class (Child Class) are defined using the `extends` keyword (e.g., `class Triangle extends Shape`).
* Four main types discussed are Single-Level, Multi-Level, Hierarchical, and Hybrid Inheritance.
* In inheritance, the base class constructor is called first, followed by the derived class constructor (Constructor Chaining).

Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Access Modifiers
📌 Encapsulation combines data (properties) and the methods that operate on that data into a single unit (the class), enabling Data Hiding.
📌 Data Hiding is achieved using Access Modifiers: `public`, `private`, `protected`, and default (package-private).
📌 Abstraction focuses on showing only essential information to the user while hiding implementation details, achieved via Abstract Classes and Interfaces.

Abstract Classes vs. Interfaces
📌 Abstract Classes can contain both abstract (unimplemented) and non-abstract (implemented) methods, and objects cannot be directly instantiated from them.
📌 Interfaces enforce pure abstraction; they can only contain public static final variables and public abstract methods (implementation is provided by the implementing class).
* Interfaces enable Multiple Inheritance (of types) in Java, which is not possible with classes.

Static Keyword and Memory Management
📌 The `static` keyword is used for variables, methods, or blocks that belong to the class itself rather than any specific object instance.
* Static members are allocated memory only once and can be accessed directly using the Class name (e.g., `Student.schoolName`).
* Using `static` for common data (like a school name shared by all students) helps save memory.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ OOP concepts like Inheritance promote code reusability by allowing subclasses to inherit features from base classes.
➡️ Use Encapsulation and private access modifiers to protect sensitive data, accessing it only through controlled Getters and Setters.
➡️ Abstraction helps in designing systems by defining essential interfaces (`Abstract Classes` or `Interfaces`) without revealing complex internal logic.
➡️ Static members should be used for data or functionality common across all objects of a class to optimize memory usage.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Oct 31, 2025, 12:43 UTC