Paper Two Content Focus: Genetics and Meiosis (Multiple Choice)
📌 Expect a heavy weighting on genetics, ranging from simple dominant/recessive questions to calculations involving Punnett squares.
🔬 Meiosis is a key area, particularly differentiating between karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
⚖️ Master Mendel's Laws and Principles verbatim from the exam guidelines, with a focus on the Law of Independent Assortment.
🩸 Blood group questions may involve complex scenarios like paternity testing to assess inheritance of alleles.

Key Terminology Predictions
💡 Punctuated equilibrium is predicted to make a resurgence and might appear in longer questions.
📚 Meiosis terminology will be heavily tested, including terms like chromatid, chromosome, centromere, and centrioles.
🌱 Variation (continuous vs. discontinuous) is crucial; know how variation is created via meiosis, crossing over, and random mating.
🆚 Prepare for "Both or None" questions contrasting related concepts, likely focusing on artificial vs. natural selection or differences between Meiosis I and Meiosis II phases (e.g., Anaphase I vs. Anaphase II).

Detailed Terminology & Comparison Points
🦴 Human evolution fossils (e.g., Lucy, Mrs. Ples) require knowing the discoverer and location (Ethiopia/Tanzania) and identifying the hominid type (Australopithecine vs. *Homo*).
🧬 Be ready for structural questions on DNA and nucleotides or the structure of tRNA early in the paper.
🔄 Expect questions comparing DNA replication and transcription, possibly through a comparison table.

Longer Question Topics (Section 2 & 3)
📊 A karyotype question is anticipated, requiring analysis of chromosome arrangement to determine abnormalities (like Down syndrome) or the individual's sex.
🧬 Long genetics questions are likely to cover hemophilia and red-green color blindness (sex-linked disorders), including why girls are less affected.
⚗️ Practice genetic crosses involving incomplete dominance (e.g., red x white = pink) and be proficient in identifying resulting offspring ratios (e.g., $1:2:1$).
🌳 Speciation questions may focus on plant speciation (e.g., baobabs or proteas) relating to biogeography, an area often overlooked compared to animal examples.

Evolution and Selection Dynamics
📉 Punctuated equilibrium is often tested via a graph showing long periods of stasis followed by rapid change.
🧬 Meiosis and mutations might be combined in a single question, linking variation creation in meiosis to subsequent DNA changes.
🌍 Human evolution questions will focus on bipedalism indicators like hipbone shape, feet structure (convergent toes), and jaw prognathism.
🌲 Expect a significant weakness area to be tested: the understanding and interpretation of phylogenetic trees.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Use the predictions to create a revision to-do list, focusing heavily on topics you haven't covered or are weak in, such as meiosis phases or recessive pedigree analysis.
➡️ Examiners are specifically targeting weaker areas; dedicate extra practice to working backwards in dihybrid crosses (determining gametes/parents from offspring).
➡️ Pay meticulous attention to chromosome structure (single vs. double-stranded) when identifying diagrams of Meiosis I versus Meiosis II phases.
➡️ Review reproductive isolation mechanisms (courtship rituals, different mating times) as it is an often-overlooked topic ripe for contextual application questions.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 15, 2025, 06:47 UTC