Exogenous Forces Shaping the Earth
📌 Exogenous forces, originating from outside the Earth, are responsible for shaping the surface, contrasting with endogenous forces from within.
⚙️ These external processes include weathering (pelapukan), erosion (erosi), sedimentation (andapan), and mass wasting (gerakan tanah).
💥 The primary role of exogenous forces is to destroy or reshape the landforms created by endogenous processes.

Weathering (Pelapukan)
❄️ Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces caused by sunlight, water, glaciers, chemical reactions, and organisms.
🛠️ Weathering is classified into three types: mechanical/physical (no chemical change), chemical (involves chemical structure change, common in Karst/limestone), and organic (aided by organisms/plants).
☀️ Physical weathering is caused by temperature changes (day/night), freezing water into ice in cracks, and water/glacier movement, altering rock shape and size.
🧪 Chemical weathering relies on agents like oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$); for example, water rich in $CO_2$ dissolves limestone, forming cave features like stalactites and stalagmites.

Erosion (Pengikisan)
🌊 Erosion involves the release and transportation of rock material from one place to another by a transporting agent, following three steps: release, transportation, and deposition.
🌪️ Erosion is categorized into four main types: fluvial/water erosion (ablasi), coastal/sea wave erosion (abrasi), wind erosion (deflasi), and glacial erosion (eksarasi).
💧 Water erosion progresses through stages: splash erosion (percik), sheet erosion (lembar), rill erosion (alur), and culminating in gully erosion (parit), which severely damages soil fertility.
🏞️ Grand Canyon, approximately 1,700 m deep, 29 km wide, and 450 km long, serves as a prime example of fluvial erosion caused by the Colorado River.

Types of Erosion Detailed
🏖️ Abrasion (sea wave erosion) creates coastal features like cliffs (dinding curam) and notches (relung); planting mangroves is an effort to prevent land erosion in coastal communities.
🌵 Deflation (wind erosion) typically occurs in dry desert regions experiencing sandstorms, leading to distinctive formations like the mushroom rock (batuan jamur).
🏔️ Glacial erosion (eksarasi) leaves characteristic parallel grooves on rocks and forms deep, elongated valleys, observable in areas like Yellowstone National Park.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Exogenous forces are crucial for reshaping the Earth's surface after internal (endogenous) processes form structures.
➡️ Karst topography, featuring stalactites and stalagmites, is a direct result of chemical weathering dissolving limestone through acidic water containing $CO_2$.
➡️ To combat coastal erosion, communities should implement preventative measures such as planting mangroves or constructing sea walls (tanggul).
➡️ Severe land erosion, such as gully erosion (erosi Parit), results in land that is difficult to restore to its original fertility.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Jan 17, 2026, 08:00 UTC