Biotechnology in Medicine and Health
📌 Biotechnology is widely applied in health and medical fields, including the production of antibiotics, synthetic insulin, and vaccines.
🧪 The development of antibiotics began with the discovery of Penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928, which inhibits the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria.
💉 Synthetic insulin production involves extracting the insulin-encoding DNA from pancreatic cells, inserting it into a vector (like a plasmid), and introducing it into *E. coli* bacteria for mass production and purification.

Antibiotic Production Examples
🦠 Specific microorganisms produce different antibiotics: *Penicillium notatum/chrysogenum* yields Penicillin.
🧬 *Streptomyces griseus* produces Streptomycin, and *Streptomyces fradiae* produces Neomycin.
🛡️ *Bacillus licheniformis* is responsible for producing Bacitracin.

Vaccine Development and Mechanism
🛡️ Vaccination involves enhancing the immune system by introducing a vaccine (weakened virus/bacteria or surface proteins) to stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes T).
🩸 Lymphocytes T differentiate into plasma cells (producing antibodies) and memory cells (retaining the ability to quickly produce antibodies upon re-exposure).
🔬 Modern, safer vaccines utilize biotechnology to isolate genes encoding surface proteins of bacteria/viruses and insert them into *Saccharomyces* cells, leading to the safe production of target proteins for injection.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Penicillin, derived from *Penicillium* fungi, was a landmark discovery initiating the age of antibiotics.
➡️ Synthetic insulin mimics human pancreatic hormone and is manufactured using recombinant DNA technology in *E. coli*.
➡️ Modern vaccination methods focus on injecting isolated, non-pathogenic surface proteins encoded by specific genes to safely trigger antibody production in the human body.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Dec 28, 2025, 09:13 UTC