Data Fundamentals in Research
📌 Data is the plural form of datum, representing facts, conditions, or events that truly occurred, used as the basis for analysis to reach specific conclusions in research.
🌟 Good data must be objective (align with reality), relevant (answer the core research problem), representative (reflect the situation), and timely (collected at the appropriate moment).
📚 Data collection methods distinguish between primary data (gathered directly from the research subject) and secondary data (obtained from other sources like media, company records, or BPS statistics).

Data Classification and Types
🌍 Data sources are categorized as internal (describing conditions within an organization, e.g., financial data) or external (describing conditions outside the entity, e.g., customer satisfaction).
📊 Based on collection time, data can be cross-sectional (focused on a single point in time, e.g., 2010 unemployment figures) or time series (measured repeatedly over time, e.g., HIV report rates from 2005 to 2012).
🔢 Statistical data types include quantitative (measurable, expressed in numbers) and qualitative (non-numerical, such as job type or marital status).

Levels of Measurement for Quantitative Data
🏷️ Nominal data is the simplest, serving only as labels with no inherent order (e.g., Male=1, Female=2).
📈 Ordinal data has both names/attributes and a level or rank, but the distance between ranks is not necessarily equal (e.g., customer satisfaction levels from "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied").
📏 Ratio data possesses equal intervals and an absolute zero point, representing the true value of the measured object.
🧠 Interval data has equal intervals but lacks an absolute zero, commonly used in psychological measurements like IQ scores, where a difference of 20 points is not necessarily a 20-point quantitative advantage.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ Students are encouraged to utilize modern tools like ChatGPT to explore and deepen their understanding of concepts like psychometrics.
➡️ Active engagement with the material, including studying modules and maintaining strong reading literacy, is crucial for preparing for upcoming assessments like the UTS/UAS.
➡️ Understanding the evolution of psychometric tools compared to historical methods is vital for current analysis of testing phenomena.

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Jan 18, 2026, 07:01 UTC