Central Nervous System (CNS) Overview
📌 The Nervous System acts as the body's coordination system, receiving and transmitting stimuli to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain (cerebrum) and the spinal cord (medulla spinalis).
🛡️ The brain is protected by the skull (tulang tengkorak), while the spinal cord is protected by vertebrae (ruas-ruas tulang belakang); both are covered by protective connective tissue layers called the meninges.
🧠 The CNS functions to control all body activities by processing signals sent from various receptors.

Components and Functions of the Brain
🧠 The Cerebrum (Otak Besar) is the source of intelligence, serving as the center for memory, consciousness, sensory organs, and association, divided into frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
🧩 The Diencephalon, located between the cerebrum and midbrain, consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
💖 The Limbic System is structurally related to emotions and feelings; a larger area correlates with a greater degree of emotional connection.
⚙️ The Midbrain (Mesencephalon) functions as the reflex center, connecting the pons and cerebellum.

Brainstem and Cerebellum Functions
🌉 The Pons (Pons Varolii) facilitates signal transmission between the left and right sides of the cerebellum and regulates the frequency and strength of breathing.
⚖️ The Cerebellum (Otak Kecil), located dorsally above the brainstem and under the occipital lobe, is crucial for maintaining balance and controlling eye movements.
❤️ The Medulla Oblongata regulates vital involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and reflexes like sneezing, coughing, and vomiting.

Spinal Cord Function
🔗 The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain (medulla oblongata) downwards within the vertebral cavity (medulla spinalis).
🏃 The spinal cord mediates reflex movements—actions that occur involuntarily in response to danger, such as immediately withdrawing a hand from a hot object.

Key Points & Insights
➡️ The CNS is structurally divided into the brain (cerebrum) and the spinal cord (medulla spinalis), both protected by the meninges.
➡️ The Medulla Oblongata governs critical involuntary functions like heart rate and respiration.
➡️ Reflex actions, regulated by the spinal cord (and influenced by the medulla oblongata), are unconscious responses to dangerous stimuli.
➡️ Key brain structures include the Cerebrum (intelligence/memory), Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus), and Limbic System (emotion).

📸 Video summarized with SummaryTube.com on Nov 11, 2025, 06:30 UTC